CITY HEALTH BULLETIN
Sleep Deprivation: A Quiet Epidemic

Why it matters

Across many schools and offices, lack of sleep is no longer an individual problem (1) __________ a public-health concern. Recent local surveys, collected across different age groups, suggest that late-night screen use, academic pressure, and irregular schedules (2) __________ daily performance on a wide scale.

What specialists are seeing

Doctors warn that poor sleep can (3) __________ a serious toll on memory, mood, and reaction time. Among teenagers in particular, repeated sleep loss has been linked to slower thinking, weaker self-control, and (4) __________ high stress levels.

What families can do

Experts recommend a (5) __________ bedtime routine and advise young people to avoid pretending (6) __________ “just fine” on four or five hours of sleep. Without early action, the problem may soon pose long-term health risks to entire communities.

Question 1:
A.  once        B. whereas        C. lest        D. but

Question 2:
A.  now affecting                B. are now affecting        

C. which affected now        D. now affected

Question 3:
A.  give        B. make        C. take
D.  draw

Question 4:
A.  inconsistent
B.  consistency        C. consistently        D. consist

Question 5:
A.  restorative consistent quiet        B. quiet consistent restorative

C. consistent quiet restorative        D. restorative quiet consistent

Question 6:
A.  function        B. functioning        C. to function
D.  to functioning

ACADEMIC SUPPORT MEMO

Attention in a Distracted Age

• Teachers have recently observed that many students are not short of ability, but of focus. During revision, they often struggle (7) __________ constant digital interruption and gradually lose sight of priorities.

Patterns Worth Noting

• A growing (8) __________ of evening study time is now squandered on digital distractions.

• Some students switch their phones off before studying; (9) __________ keep every tab open and move between tasks too quickly.

Wider Effects

• Over time, this weakens concentration and reduces a student’s sense of control over study time.

• For many learners, online noise does not simply distract them; it can (10) __________ their concentration during serious reading.

• Without clear boundaries, digital (11) __________ may replace reflection, while sustained attention is increasingly seen as an academic (12) __________ rather than a natural habit.

Question 7: A. at        B. with
C.  in        D. on

Question 8: A. chunk        B. plenty        C. fraction
D.  majority

Question 9: A. another        B. the other        C. the others        D. others

Question 10: A. bring about        B. wear down
C.  come across        D. turn over

Question 11: A. traffic        B. clutter
C.  border        D. shelter

Question 12: A. posture        B. asset
C.  costume        D. engine

Question 13:

a. Nina: I chose customers first, because if they proved they would pay for greener packaging, I would have stronger ground in front of investors.

b. Omar: In that pitch, who did you try to persuade first—the investors pushing for faster profit or the buyers asking for cleaner products?

c. Omar: Fair point. If customers move first, investors can still complain, but they can no longer say the green idea has no market.

A. a – b – c        B. b – a – c        C. c – b – a        D. b – c – a

Question 14:

a. Ethan: Not by cuteness. I compare extinction risk, ecosystem role, and whether our action still has a real chance.

b. Ethan: I count that after the science, because a quiet species may still hold the whole food web together.

c. Maya: We can fund only one rescue plan, so how do you choose between the river dolphin and the mountain fox?

d. Maya: Right, so your choice is based on urgency and impact, not popularity.

e. Maya: What about public support, since that often keeps a project alive?

A. c – e – a – b – d        B. c – b – e – a – d        C. c – a – e – b – d        D. e – b – d – a – c

Question 15:

Dear Hana,

I hope your semester is going well. How is your new dorm?

a. That changed me, because the debate stopped being abstract and became a question of whose hardship we ignored.

b. Last Friday, our district asked residents to choose between 1,000 low-cost flats and the city's last forest patch.

c. The answer still felt uneasy, yet it seemed fairer than keeping the forest by forcing poor families farther out.

d. I finally backed housing, but only with rooftop gardens, better buses, and legal protection for a smaller woodland nearby.

e. I expected people to defend the trees, but cleaners and drivers described sleeping in crowded rooms far from work.

Best,

Linh

A. e – b – a – d – c        B. b – e – a – d – c        C. b – a – e – c – d        D. e – a – b – d – c

Question 16:

a. Still, consent means little if citizens must surrender everything forever, especially when future governments or private contractors may reuse the data for unrelated control.

b. When a coastal country announced an AI system that could predict floods and landslides 72 hours early, many people cheered.

c. I would agree only if the data were minimized, independently audited, deleted quickly, and shared through strict emergency rules rather than permanent surveillance.

d. I would not reject the system outright, because early warnings could save villages, hospitals, and evacuation routes that usually lose time in confusion.

e. The excitement cooled when officials admitted the model needed location histories, messages, search patterns, and health records from nearly everyone.

A. d – b – e – a – c        B. b – d – e – c – a        C. b – e – d – a – c        D. b – e – a – c – d

Question 17:

a. Friends called her reckless, because she lost her apartment, delayed medical treatment, and spent months traveling by bus to meetings that rarely covered her costs.

b. That is why I cannot call her a fool; wisdom is not only protecting your comfort, but choosing a loss that prevents a deeper loss for others and for the future.

c. Our science club still talks about Ms. Elin Park, the engineer who resigned from a profitable plastics company after learning that one factory had been dumping waste near a mangrove coast.

d. Yet those sacrifices changed more than her own life: the evidence pushed regulators to inspect the site, local shops cut single-use packaging, and students began copying her refill model at weekend markets.

e. Instead of moving quietly to another high-paying job, she used her savings to help fishing families document the damage and build a small refill business with washable containers.

A. c – a – e – d – b        B. e – c – a – d – b        C. c – e – d – a – b        D. c – e – a – d – b

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF URBAN GREEN SPACES

The integration of ecological corridors is already being promoted in many congested metropolitan areas, but just how much they will help enhance urban living conditions (18) __________, from long-term funding to the quality of public management. Recent studies in environmental psychology suggest that consistent exposure to greenery can drastically reduce cortisol levels in office workers. (19) __________. By incorporating indoor plants and large windows that overlook parks, companies can foster a more tranquil atmosphere for their staff. However, the impact of these spaces depends on their accessibility and quality. The mental relief (20) __________. (21) __________, the maintenance of these public parks requires substantial capital investment and long-term commitment from local governments. Without proper funding for landscaping and security, these areas can quickly become neglected and lose their intended social benefits. To create truly sustainable cities, authorities must focus on community engagement, (22) __________.

Question 18: 

A. depends on several long-term social, financial, and administrative factors

B. and will depend on several social and financial planning factors

C. which many social and administrative factors can gradually influence

D. the range of long-term financial and administrative factors influencing

Question 19: 

A. Well-being is also a factor in the greenery chosen by employees in various professional settings

B. Workplace greenery, by contrast, will be far less concerned about the overall employee well-being

C. Workplace greenery can therefore meaningfully enhance employee well-being in professional settings

D. Also, the methods and greenery chosen to enhance the well-being are risky and expensive for firms

Question 20: 

A. is vital so that individuals feel more relaxed daily that natural environments give

B. provided by natural zones is fundamental for keeping a balanced and calm mind

C. and botanical areas provide remains crucial to support the inner peace of citizens

D. these green spaces offer is essential for maintaining a healthy emotional state

Question 21: 

A. In spite of the undeniable psychological benefits these public parks provide to residents

B. Undeniable psychological benefits are provided to these public parks instead of local residents

C. Although these public parks provide psychological benefits, they are undeniable risks to residents

D. Residents provide undeniable psychological benefits to these public parks in spite of the costs

Question 22: 

A. people involvement invited and biological diversity safeguarded inside the large city zones

B. to invite local involvement while they preserve the various species of the city

C. promoting public feedback and to safeguard the biological variety of the local area

D. encouraging resident participation and protecting biodiversity within the urban landscape

At a meeting, two people may use the same AI tool and leave with very different minds. One asks it for a quick answer, copies the result, and moves on. The other treats it less like a shortcut and more like a demanding partner, testing, revising, and arguing with it until the work begins to deepen. From the outside, both seem productive. From the inside, however, one is merely finishing a task, while the other is learning how to think with greater range and care.

That difference sits near the heart of human AI collaboration. MIT Sloan reports that researchers studying consultants at Boston Consulting Group identified three broad ways people work with generative AI: cyborgs, who collaborate closely with it, centaurs, who guide it in a more controlled way, and self automators, who hand over most of the task. The labels matter because they show that the real issue is not use alone, but manner of use. A tool may extend judgment, or it may quietly replace it.

The most interesting finding is not that AI helps, since that is hardly a surprise now. It is that different habits produce different kinds of growth. MIT Sloan says centaurs achieved the highest accuracy and strengthened their domain expertise through focused questions, while cyborgs became better at solving problems with AI itself. Self automators, by contrast, saw no gains in skill. Not through failure, but through effortless polish, can dependence become dangerous. Work may look smoother even as understanding grows thinner.

So the future of collaboration may depend less on whether humans keep control in some dramatic, cinematic sense, and more on whether they remain mentally present. MIT Sloan also notes that organizations should actively shape training and workflows so employees learn when to automate and when not to. That is a practical lesson, but also a human one. A good partnership with AI should lighten routine burdens without hollowing out judgment. Otherwise, the machine does not steal our work in one stroke. We slowly stop showing up to it ourselves.

[Adapted from MIT Sloan]

Question 23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a way people may work with the same AI tool?

A. One user copies the answer quickly and moves on.

B. One user argues with the tool to refine the work further.

C. Both users appear productive to outside observers.

D. Both users are required to follow the same method of revision.

Question 24. In paragraph 1, the word “deepen” is closest in meaning to __________.

A. improve        B. expand        C. continue        D. simplify

Question 25. The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

A. generative AI        B. judgment        C. manner of use        D. the real issue

Question 26. In paragraph 4, the phrase “hollowing out” is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

A. remaking        B. strengthening        C. refreshing        D. changing

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence in paragraph 3?

A. AI-supported work can seem more efficient even while the user’s real understanding becomes weaker.

B. Better-looking work usually proves that users have developed stronger knowledge and better judgment.

C. When tasks become easier to complete, people naturally gain a deeper grasp of the work involved.

D. Smooth performance with AI mainly shows that users have learned to solve problems more independently.

Question 28. Which of the following is best supported by paragraph 3 about self-automators?

A. Their reliance on AI can make the work appear stronger than their actual understanding.

B. Their main weakness is that they refuse to let AI help with demanding tasks.

C. They gain the greatest benefit from AI because they save the most time.

D. They are more likely than other users to deepen expertise through careful prompting.

Question 29. Which paragraph focuses on different styles of working with generative AI and why those styles matter more than simple use?

A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2        C. Paragraph 3        D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph emphasizes that the future quality of human–AI collaboration depends on people staying mentally engaged rather than merely keeping formal control?

A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2        C. Paragraph 3        D. Paragraph 4

Weeks can pass in motion without ever feeling fully inhabited. The calendar fills, replies are sent, deadlines are met, and daily life keeps its visible structure; even so, beneath that surface of competence, something quieter may begin to drain away. [I] Energy rarely disappears in one dramatic break, nor does meaning collapse all at once. What fades first is often subtler: a sense of inward participation, the feeling of being emotionally present inside one’s own life rather than merely moving through it. [II] It does not arrive with the force of burnout or the heaviness of despair. It settles gradually, making existence feel less broken than thinned out, less unbearable than strangely remote.

Languishing belongs to a broader understanding of mental health that resists the neat division between being ill and being fine. What emerges instead is a continuum. At one end stands flourishing, marked not only by positive emotion but by strong psychological and social functioning; at the other lies languishing, associated with stagnation, emptiness, and a weakened sense of movement through life. Between those poles sits a middle zone that matters precisely because so many people occupy it without having the language to recognize it. [III] Once named, that blurred territory begins to sharpen. Experiences once dismissed as vagueness or personal weakness become more legible.

Its significance extends beyond the individual. Public discussions of mental health tend to privilege extremes because extremes are easier to identify, easier to narrate, and easier to organize concern around. Acute suffering commands attention. Visible thriving attracts admiration. Languishing fits neither script comfortably. [IV] It is too muted to seem urgent and too persistent to pass as a fleeting bad day. For that reason, it often slips beneath both social recognition and self-understanding. Outwardly, life may continue in an orderly, even efficient way; inwardly, though, its texture begins to flatten. Not collapse, then. Something slower. A form of erosion.

To name that erosion is not to exaggerate it, but to see it with greater precision. Not every joyless period should be mistaken for illness, and that restraint matters. Even so, a culture that notices only breakdown and celebrates only flourishing leaves remarkably little room for the quieter forms of suffering in between. What remains unnamed is often moralized. A recognizable human condition is recast as laziness, ingratitude, or weakness, not because the person lacks depth, but because the language around them has not yet learned enough subtlety to hold the experience properly.

[Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585669/]

Question 31: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

That is why languishing so often escapes notice.

A. [I]
B. [II]
C. [III]
D. [IV]

Question 32. In paragraph 2, the phrase “that blurred territory” refers to __________.

A. public discussion        B. social functioning        C. the middle zone        D. personal weakness

Question 33. According to the passage, why does languishing often go unnoticed?

A. Because it usually appears only after a person has already shown obvious signs of emotional collapse.

B. Because it belongs mainly to people whose daily routines have become unusually demanding or disorganized.

C. Because it develops gradually and weakens inward engagement without looking dramatic enough to fit familiar signs of distress.

D. Because it is generally confused with flourishing whenever a person continues to meet ordinary responsibilities.

Question 34. The fixed expression “a fleeting bad day” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________.

A. a short-lived low mood        B. a lasting sense of emptiness

C. a lasting loss of motivation        D. a deeply distressing crisis

Question 35. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A. Mental health is a state that can be easily categorized into being either completely ill or perfectly fine.

B. Flourishing is the most significant stage of mental health because it involves positive social functioning.

C. Identifying languishing as a specific point on the mental health continuum helps clarify ambiguous experiences.

D. People often occupy the middle zone of mental health because they prefer vagueness over formal diagnosis.

Question 36. According to paragraph 3, why does languishing often remain difficult to recognize?

A. Because it lacks the sharp visibility of crisis while also lasting too long to be dismissed as a passing mood.

B. Because it usually appears only in people whose outward lives have already become obviously disordered.

C. Because public discussions of mental health now pay equal attention to both extreme suffering and quieter inner states.

D. Because its effects tend to disappear before they can influence a person’s sense of daily functioning.

Question 37. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

A. A person may continue to function outwardly while feeling inwardly less present in life.

B. Naming a blurred emotional condition can help people see it more clearly.

C. Public attention tends to be drawn more easily to visible extremes than to muted middle states.

D. Languishing is more common in workplaces and schools than in other parts of ordinary life.

Question 38. Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence in paragraph 4?

A. Experiences that are not clearly understood are often turned into moral judgments about character.

B. Emotional conditions that lack medical labels are usually treated as signs of serious mental illness.

C. People tend to respect inner struggles more once those struggles are described in precise social language.

D. When a condition has not been properly named, people often misread it as a personal failing rather than a human experience.

Question 39. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. If more people learned the language of mental health, flourishing would become easier to achieve and sustain over time.

B. The main danger of languishing lies in the fact that it eventually develops into burnout or severe despair in most cases.

C. Public understanding of mental health remains weak mainly because emotional suffering is too private to be described with shared terms.

D. A culture that notices only crisis and success may leave people with quieter forms of distress misunderstood even when those experiences are real and persistent.

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A. Languishing is presented as a muted but meaningful state between illness and flourishing, one that often escapes notice because it lacks dramatic symptoms and because culture has limited language for recognizing it well.

B. Many people misunderstand mental health because they confuse temporary sadness with more serious conditions that require clinical attention and careful diagnosis.

C. Languishing is described as a subtle erosion of inward participation that fits neither breakdown nor flourishing, becomes clearer when named, and reveals how limited cultural language can distort quieter forms of suffering.

D. Public discussions of mental health should shift away from visible crises and focus more directly on the emotional effects of efficiency, routine, and modern daily pressure.