Outright misinformation may be rarer than we think, and it is only part of the problem when it comes to navigating fact and fiction. The big...

Outright misinformation may be rarer than we think, and it is only part of the problem when it comes to navigating fact and fiction. The bigger risk is treating “misinformation” as the main enemy while ignoring a second, equally serious error: discounting things that are true. If we focus solely on reducing belief in false content, we risk targeting one mistake at the expense of the other. Clamping down on misinformation can undermine belief in things that are true as well; (18) __________.

Often, it is not outright falsehoods that sow doubt online. (19) __________. In other words, it’s not always the underlying facts that are false, but the beliefs derived from them. What matters is the flawed assumptions hiding among voluminous facts: skewed framing, sleight of hand, cherry-picked data, or muddled claims of cause and effect. Calling information that is technically accurate untrue merely (20) __________.

(21) __________. Moving away from the “tsunami of falsehoods” idea, the focus should be on giving people conceptual tools to interpret information better, instead of issuing blanket warnings (22) __________.

[Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/]

Question 18: 

A. whereas the easiest way to avoid being misled by false data is you never believe anything

B. because of the fact that believing in true things is much more dangerous than believing in lies

C. after all, the easiest way to never fall for misinformation is to simply never believe anything

D. hence, the most effective strategy to avoid falling for misinformation is to doubt every piece of news

Question 19:

A. It is the absence of information that creates confusion among the readers who are seeking the absolute truth

B. Misinterpretation of content is solely caused by the lack of voluminous facts provided by the primary sources
C. Factually accurate information can still be open to misinterpretation, and its impact may be larger than content flagged as false

D. Content flagged as false has a larger impact than factually accurate information that is being open to misinterpretation

Question 20: 

A. undermines trust and distracts from the thornier reality of mistaken beliefs and misplaced trust

B. because it undermines trust and distracts from the thornier reality of mistaken beliefs

C. undermines and shifts attention away from the interpretive errors that facts alone cannot fix

D. undermines trust in sources whom people rely on to interpret complex facts responsibly

Question 21: 

A. Instead of either embracing or shunning all that we see, the risk that comes with trusting something is correct should be managed by relying on broad accuracy labels

B. Management of the risk that comes with trusting something is correct is better than either embracing or shunning all that we see because it reduces exposure to questionable content

C. Because we either embrace or shun all that we see, we should manage the risk that comes with trusting something is correct as if accuracy alone settled interpretation

D. Rather than either embracing or shunning all that we see, we should manage the risk that comes with trusting something is correct

Question 22: 

A. assume that most content is fabricated and ignore that accurate content requires critical thought

B. that most content is made up or assuming accuracy means no further thought is needed

C. assume the fabrication of most content or implying accurate content needs no critical thought

D. which claim that most content is fabricated or they imply that accuracy is always guaranteed