Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered...

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

        Photography emerged in the early 19th century as inventors sought ways to permanently capture images from nature. (18) _______. These early experiments laid the groundwork for a technology that would transform art, journalism, and personal memory preservation.

        The daguerreotype process, announced in 1839, marked the first commercially successful photographic method. (19) _______. However, the technique required long exposure times and produced unique images that could not be reproduced, limiting its practical applications.

        The introduction of negative-positive processes revolutionized the medium by enabling multiple prints from a single exposure. (20) _______. This breakthrough made photography more accessible and economical for ordinary people seeking to document their lives.

        As technology advanced, cameras became smaller and more portable throughout the late 19th century. (21) _______. The simplicity of these devices democratized photography, transforming it from a specialized craft into a popular hobby.

        Digital photography has fundamentally altered how images are created, stored, and shared globally. (22) _______. Despite these technological leaps, the core purpose of photography remains unchanged: capturing and preserving moments in time.

(Adapted from National Gallery of Art, “The History of Photography”)

Question 18. A. French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce created the inaugural permanent photograph using a camera obscura in 1826

B. In 1826, the inaugural permanent photograph emerged through Joseph Nicéphore Niépce’s camera obscura utilization

C. A camera obscura facilitated the first permanent photograph’s creation, which French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce accomplished in 1826

D. The first permanent photograph was created in 1826, enabling Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to employ camera obscura technology

Question 19. A. Louis Daguerre perfected this methodology, generating highly detailed images on silver-plated copper that captivated affluent patrons

B. Detailed imagery emerged from this method, prompting Louis Daguerre to cultivate affluent patronage through silver-plated copper

C. This method yielded detailed images that Louis Daguerre produced on silver-plated copper, attracting wealthy patrons

D. Silver-plated copper enabled this methodology’s development, producing detailed imagery that Louis Daguerre marketed to wealthy patrons

Question 20. A. Photographers could disseminate portraits and landscapes broadly, whereas daguerreotypes had confined them to singular copies

B. Daguerreotypes restricted distribution to single copies, while photographers subsequently achieved wide portrait and landscape dissemination

C. Singular copies constrained daguerreotypes, enabling photographers to achieve broad portrait and landscape distribution subsequently

D. Portraits remained confined to photographers, as daguerreotypes could disseminate singular copies and landscapes broadly

Question 21. A. Kodak introduced the Brownie camera in 1900, which ordinary consumers could operate without specialized training

B. In 1900, Kodak’s Brownie camera introduction enabled ordinary consumers to operate photographic equipment without specialized training

C. The Brownie camera’s 1900 introduction by Kodak permitted ordinary consumers to engage in photography absent specialized training

D. Ordinary consumers gained photographic access when Kodak introduced the Brownie camera, eliminating specialized training requirements in 1900

Question 22. A. Modern smartphones feature integrated cameras, enabling billions to capture photographs instantaneously

B. Billions now possess smartphone-integrated cameras facilitating instantaneous photograph capture

C. Modern smartphones incorporate camera integration, allowing billions to engage in instantaneous photograph capture

D. Camera integration in modern smartphones permits billions to take instantaneous photographs