Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 2...

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 20 to 29.

        Right to Repair affirms that if you bought a device, you should be free to fix it – yourself or wherever you choose. Many manufacturers corral repairs into proprietary channels, imposing restrictive regimes that gatekeep diagnostics and parts. [I] This consolidation creates a monopoly on repair, letting companies name their price, dictate turnaround, and decline “uneconomical” fixes, with predictable fallout: gadgets are discarded prematurely. Legally and ethically, critics argue, such lock-ins externalize waste while eroding consumer autonomy and local repair economies.

        Legislative proposals seek to redress that asymmetry by requiring manufacturers to supply repair documentation, parts, and tools to consumers and independent shops. By mandating open access to manuals, parts, and tools, lawmakers aim to puncture manufacturers’ repair monopolies rather than micromanage how people repair. The practical effect would be to normalize community repair and allow informed DIY. [II] Opponents warn about safety and intellectual property; supporters counter that transparency, not secrecy, is the credible route to safe, affordable, environmentally prudent maintenance.

        Since 2003, iFixit has agitated for repair-friendly design and policy. Early on, industry largely ignored these calls; persistence turned iFixit into a repair authority that publishes teardowns, assigns repairability scores, and publicly calls out unfixable designs. In 2014, the group helped craft the first-ever electronics Right to Repair bill. [III] Subsequent campaigns have supported legislation in forty-six U.S. states and in the European Union, building a transatlantic coalition that reframes repair as infrastructure, not niche hobby.

        Advocacy has been concrete as well as conceptual: iFixit publicly urged New York Governor Kathy Hochul to sign a state repair bill via a billboard along her commute. It even drove a tractor to the Colorado legislature to celebrate the first agricultural repair law’s passage. The group co-sponsored California’s bill, which cleared the State Senate in June 2023. [IV] In Europe, iFixit has been a founding member of coalitions such as Repair.eu and Runder Tisch Reparatur, sustaining momentum.

(Adapted from https://www.ifixit.com/right-to-repair-action)

Question 20. According to paragraph 1, the manufacturers’ repair monopoly allows them to ______.

A. set high prices and refuse fixes, hastening devices’ needless disposal

B. standardize community repair, reducing e-waste through shared service manuals

C. expand consumer choice by licensing any shop without rigorous oversight

D. subsidize neighborhood workshops to ensure equitable access to routine maintenance

Question 21. The word restrictive in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A. severely limiting                                        B. loosely generous

C. overtly permissive                                        D. mildly expansive

Question 22. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A. Lawmakers propose transparency mandates providing manuals, parts, and tools, to break repair monopolies while encouraging safe DIY and community repair practices.

B. Governments plan to nationalize repair centers and set uniform prices, ensuring consumer protection through centralized oversight and technical certification.

C. Proposals focus on banning independent shops entirely to minimize safety risks and reduce counterfeit parts entering fragile consumer markets.

D. Parliamentary committees encourage secrecy around manuals and tools to protect intellectual property while promoting extended warranties as the only remedy.

Question 23. What helped iFixit become regarded as an authority on repair?

A. Persisted with teardowns and repairability scores, publicly challenging unfixable, opaque product designs.

B. Purchased major manufacturers and redirected their service divisions toward consumer education initiatives.

C. Filed dozens of patents to control diagnostic tools and license them globally.

D. Shifted into retail, selling only new gadgets and discontinuing community forums entirely.

Question 24. What happened to California’s Right to Repair bill in June 2023?

A. It cleared the State Senate.                        B. It died in committee.

C. It was signed by Hochul.                                D. It replaced the federal statute.

Question 25. The phrase a monopoly on repair in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A. manufacturers        B. consumers                        C. legislators                        D. recyclers

Question 26. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

By mandating open access to manuals, parts, and tools, lawmakers aim to puncture manufacturers’ repair monopolies rather than micromanage how people repair.

A. Legislative interventions mandate unrestricted diagnostic resource availability to erode proprietary concentration while deliberately refraining from prescriptive specification of acceptable maintenance methodologies.

B. Governmental initiatives propose replacing decentralized repairs with regulated facilities providing standardized protocols, ensuring quality through mandatory certification guiding citizens systematically.

C. Policy frameworks primarily subsidize manufacturers’ proprietary platforms, granting conditional manual access while requiring professional certification before citizens may legally attempt disassembly.

D. Legislative proposals seek prohibiting independent repair enterprises, asserting consumer protection mandates exclusive brand-controlled servicing guaranteeing compliance with evolving safety standards.

Question 27. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. If documentation and parts become widely accessible, fewer devices will be discarded prematurely because more owners and local shops can attempt safe, cost-effective repairs.

B. iFixit’s advocacy relies exclusively on courtroom litigation, avoiding symbolic public actions that might alienate potential legislative allies or confuse general audiences.

C. Right to Repair is principally concerned with strengthening manufacturers’ intellectual property claims against unauthorized reuse of manuals, diagnostic software, and replacement components.

D. European organizations like Repair.eu emerged independently of iFixit’s efforts and explicitly oppose cooperation with American repair advocates on transatlantic policy.

Question 28. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Such access would allow independent shops to offer safe, affordable repairs.

A. [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                                D. [IV]

Question 29. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A. The text argues for Right to Repair, outlines legislation, and profiles iFixit’s advocacy across states and Europe using public, strategic pressure.

B. It explains how smartphones are designed, comparing component layouts and benchmarking repair times across several flagship devices released between 2019 and 2024.

C. It proposes a technical manual for DIY repairs, listing specific instructions, torque settings, and soldering techniques for consumer electronics and agricultural machinery.

D. It surveys warranty law and corporate taxation, prioritizing liability allocation over consumer rights or environmental externalities associated with premature disposal.