Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 3...

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        Many jurisdictions zealously protect suspects from self-incrimination, yet ordinary netizens are routinely nudged – or plainly coerced – into divulging intimate data that can later be weaponised against them. The analogy is unsettling: if the state may not prise open your phone, why may platforms prise open your life? [I] In digital markets configured around consent fatigue and dark patterns, individuals are rendered complicit in their own exposure. To arrest this perversity, reformers argue for data fiduciaries – actors bound by duties of loyalty and care – not merely better privacy notices or labyrinthine settings.

        Online, the most delicate signals – health status, trauma histories, precarious finances – are siphoned, scored, and auctioned to the highest bidder. These dossiers feed targeting engines that steer people toward exploitative products and discriminatory decisions. Some intermediaries behave like data vultures, thriving on asymmetries of knowledge and power. [II] If trust is the axle of fiduciary relations, vulnerability is the wheel that turns upon it: by entrusting what matters, we are exposed; by accepting entrustment, professionals owe us trustworthiness – and must never turn that knowledge against us.

        Fiduciary duties arise precisely where expertise and incentives can diverge from a client’s welfare – finance, medicine, law, and now data. Fiduciaries must act in the data subject’s best interests, and, when conflicts materialise, must subordinate their own; if unwilling to carry that burden, they should refuse entrustment. This ethical grammar converts discretion into obligation. [III] It also clarifies accountability: misuse is not a mere terms-of-service breach but a dereliction of duty toward someone rendered dependent by design.

        Critics protest that Big Tech already owes fiduciary loyalty to stockholders, especially under Delaware doctrine prioritising shareholder welfare. But doctrines admit ordering: user-first duties could be given priority where interests clash, or fines could be set so steep that compliance becomes the rational path. [IV] Ultimately, alignment is the point: if companies wish to risk our data, they should risk their business in tandem. Absent such stakes, they will continue to gamble with others’ exposure while keeping the winnings.

(Adapted from Ada Lovelace Institute, “The ethical case for data fiduciaries”)

Question 31. The word perversity in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A. sharply contrary                                        B. mildly eccentric

C. broadly normative                                        D. loosely benign

Question 32. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

This comparison is not mere rhetoric; it explains why ‘consent’ collapses under coercive interface design.

A. [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A. Sensitive online data is traded and weaponised, so trust-anchored duties must prevent experts from exploiting asymmetry.

B. Advertising improves relevance when platforms learn vulnerabilities, enhancing user welfare through personalised curation overall.

C. Market transparency alone deters profiling because informed consumers refuse intrusive data extraction at meaningful scale.

D. Data brokers stabilise prices by pooling risk signals, thereby reducing discrimination across multiple decision systems.

Question 34. What do data-fiduciary duties primarily address?

A. Conflicted incentives online                        B. Interface colour choices

C. Harmless data trivia                                D. Mere notice fatigue

Question 35. According to paragraph 3, when conflicts arise, fiduciaries must ______?

A. place clients’ interests above their own, converting discretion into enforceable obligations

B. disclose risks quarterly to regulators without modifying internal incentive structures

C. obtain renewed consent every session under refreshed, simplified privacy banners

D. outsource decisions to auditors who guarantee neutrality through standard checklists

Question 36. What does the passage imply about firms unwilling to bear data duties?

A. They should exit data collection rather than retain power without correlative obligations to users.

B. They should collect less data until regulators propose entirely new statutory frameworks.

C. They should rely on anonymisation technologies that fully eliminate re-identification risks.

D. They should publish transparency reports detailing aggregate request volumes annually.

Question 37. The phrase data vultures in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. resellers                B. predators                        C. brokers                D. criminals

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Without credible sanctions or priority rules, firms will rationally keep exploiting data asymmetries despite public commitments to ethical design.

B. Stronger privacy notices are sufficient to eliminate coercive architectures and restore fully informed, unpressured consent online.

C. Fiduciary models in medicine and law are inapplicable to data because knowledge asymmetries are negligible in digital contexts.

D. Delaware corporate law absolutely forbids any prioritisation of user interests over shareholder welfare in all circumstances.

Question 39. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Fiduciaries must act in the data subject’s best interests, and, when conflicts materialise, must subordinate their own; if unwilling to carry that burden, they should refuse entrustment.

A. When duties clash with self-interest, custodians must privilege the data subject’s welfare or decline the role since acceptance entails binding obligations.

B. Whenever disagreements occur, companies may continue prioritizing revenue if users accepted terms because consent legitimizes discretionary choices under contract law.

C. In complicated cases, experts can balance interests by averaging utilities over time without needing to relinquish conflicting opportunities immediately.

D. If conflicts are rare, providers may postpone decision-making until neutrality is restored by independent market pressures ensuring eventual equilibrium.

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A. To counter coerced exposure and power asymmetries, impose user-first fiduciary duties on data holders and align incentives with sanctions.

B. Data extraction is inevitable; therefore, users should acclimate to targeted offers and algorithmic triage in digital markets.

C. Corporate law already prevents abuse; additional duties would duplicate protections and generate needless compliance burdens.

D. Privacy can be fully protected through clearer notices and optional settings without restructuring platform incentives.